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Croy Index: Vocabulary - Prosody - Verbs - Nouns - Adjectives - Nominals - Other Topics - Syntax List


First-Second Declension Adjectives

The first-second declension adjectives are very similar in form to the first declension nouns (feminine) and second declension nouns (masculine-neuter). Make sure you practice the paradigms!

In addition, the definite article is very commonly used in noun constructions that include adjectives, so the charts below also includes the corresponding forms of the definite article.

You can practice the definite article using the Accusative with Definite Article Drill. You can practice the adjectives using the Wrapped-Braided Adjectives Chart.

Feminine First Declension

In order to remind you about the feminine first declension nouns, an example of an alpha-type, an eta-type, and a mixed-type have been included here.

Here are some key items you need to watch out for:

Definite Article. Notice that the feminine nominative forms start with a rough breathing; they do not start with the letter τ. These nominative forms are also without any accent mark! All the other case forms have a stress mark (and some are with circumflexes, although you are not required to memorize the use of the circumflex).

Adjectives: alpha or eta. The rule for whether an adjective follows the alpha or eta type is the same rule you learned for the nouns. If the stem of the root form ends in epsilon, iota, or rho, the adjective follows the alpha type. Otherwise, it follows the eta type. There are no mixed-type adjectives as there were for the nouns.

Adjectives: antepenultimate stress. Notice the shifting stress for the adjectives with antepenultimate stress! The feminine nominative plural form is a short ending, so the antepenultimate stress can stand (in all the other forms, the ending is long, which moves the antepenultimate stress up to the penultimate position). The adjectives with antepenultimate stress that you will learn in Croy this week are: ἁγιος, δίκαιος and ἔσχατος (you can find more adjectives with antepenultimate stress in this chart of adjectives in Croy).

Adjectives: genitive plural ending. Notice also that the adjectives do NOT follow the special rule for the genitive plural form that the nouns do. The genitive plural adjective ending follows the standard stress pattern - but the noun ending, as you learned in Lesson 3, always has the genitive plural ending stressed, with a circumflex accent.

SING. Ending Article
Adjectives
Nouns: first declension femine types
Case    
Ultimate
eta-type
Penultimate
eta-type
Antepenult.
eta-type
Antepenult.
alpha-type
Eta-noun
Alpha-noun
Mixed-noun
Nom. η or α

καλή πρώτη ἐσχάτη δικαία ἀδελφή βασιλεία θάλασσα
Gen. ης or ας

τῆς

καλῆς πρώτης ἐσχάτης δικαίας ἀδελφής βασιλείας θαλάσσης
Dat. or

τῇ

καλῇ πρώτῃ ἐσχάτῃ δικαίᾳ ἀδελφῇ βασιλείᾳ θαλάσσῃ
Acc. ην or αν

τήν

καλήν πρώτην ἐσχάτην δικαίαν ἀδελφήν βασιλείαν θάλασσαν
PLURAL      
(no difference in plural type endings)
Nom. αι

αἱ

καλαί πρῶται ἔσχαται δίκαιαι ἀδελφαί  
Gen. ων

τῶν

καλῶν πρώτων ἐσχάτων δικαίων ἀδελφῶν
Dat. αις

ταῖς

καλαῖς πρώταις ἐσχάταις δικαίαις ἀδελφαῖς
Acc. ας

τάς

καλάς πρώτας ἐσχάτας δικαίας ἀδελφάς

Masculine Second Declension

Here are some key items you need to watch out for:

Definite Article. Notice that the masculine nominative forms start with a rough breathing; they do not start with the letter τ. These nominative forms are also without any accent mark! All the other case forms have a stress mark (and some are with circumflexes, although you are not required to memorize the use of the circumflex).

Definite Article: nominative singular. Notice that the masculine definite article nominative singular is not quite the same as the nominative singular ending for nouns and adjectives. The nouns and adjectives end in ος, but the definite article does not have the sigma. It is simply:.

Adjectives: antepenultimate stress. Notice the shifting stress for the adjectives with antepenultimate stress! The masculine nominative, accusative and vocative singular endings are short, and so is the nominative plural ending, so the antepenultimate stress can stand (in all the other forms, the ending is long, which moves the antepenultimate stress up to the penultimate position). The adjectives with antepenultimate stress that you will learn in Croy this week are: ἁγιος, δίκαιος and ἔσχατος (you can find more adjectives with antepenultimate stress in this chart of adjectives in Croy).

SING. Ending Article
Adjectives
Noun
Case    
Ultimate
Penultimate
Antepenult.
Masculine
Nom. ος [ὁ]

καλός πρῶτος ἔσχατος δοῦλος
Gen. ου τοῦ καλοῦ πρώτου ἐσχάτου δούλου
Dat.

τῷ

καλῷ πρώτῳ ἐσχάτῳ δούλῳ
Acc. ον

τόν

καλόν πρῶτον ἔσχατον δοῦλον
Voc. ε   καλέ πρῶτε ἔσχατε δοῦλε
PLURAL      
Nom. οι

οἱ

καλοί πρῶτοι ἔσχατοι δοῦλοι
Gen. ων

τῶν

καλῶν πρώτων ἐσχάτων δούλων
Dat. οις

τοῖς

καλοῖς πρώτοις ἐσχάτοις δούλοις
Acc. ους

τούς

καλούς πρώτους ἐσχάτους δούλους

Neuter Second Declension

Here are some key items you need to watch out for:

Nominative = Accusative. Note that for all the neuter forms here - definite article, adjective and noun - the nominative and the accusative forms are identical, both in the singular and in the plural.

Definite Article. Notice that all the forms of the neuter definite article start with the letter τ and carry a stress mark (and some are with circumflexes, although you are not required to memorize the use of the circumflex).

Definite Article: nominative singular. Notice that the neuter definite article nominative singular is not quite the same as the nominative singular ending for nouns and adjectives. The nouns and adjectives end in ον, but the definite article does not have the final nu. It is simply: τό.

Adjectives: antepenultimate stress. Notice the shifting stress for the adjectives with antepenultimate stress! The neuter nominative and accusative endings, both singular and plural, are short, so the antepenultimate stress can stand (in the genitive and dative forms, the ending is long, which moves the antepenultimate stress up to the penultimate position). The adjectives with antepenultimate stress that you will learn in Croy this week are: ἁγιος, δίκαιος and ἔσχατος (you can find more adjectives with antepenultimate stress in this chart of adjectives in Croy).

SING. Ending Article
Adjectives
Noun
Case    
Ultimate
Penultimate
Antepenult.
Neuter
Nom. ον [τό]

τό

καλόν πρῶτον ἔσχατον τέκνον
Gen. ου τοῦ καλοῦ πρώτου ἐσχάτου τέκνου
Dat.

τῷ

καλῷ πρώτῳ ἐσχάτῳ τέκνῳ
Acc. ον [τό]

τό

καλόν πρῶτον ἔσχατον τέκνον
PLURAL      
Nom. α

τά

καλά πρῶτα ἔσχατα τέκνα
Gen. ων

τῶν

καλῶν πρώτων ἐσχάτων τέκνων
Dat. οις

τοῖς

καλοῖς πρώτοις ἐσχάτοις τέκνοις
Acc. α

τά

καλά πρῶτα ἔσχατα τέκνα


Biblical Greek Online. Laura Gibbs, Ph.D. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License. You must give the original author credit. You may not use this work for commercial purposes. If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under a license identical to this one. Page last updated: April 9, 2005 8:06 PM


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